Oil Extraction Essay Example for Free

Oil Extraction Essay When extracting lipids or fats from foods, both the method as well as the solvents chosen to perform a complete, or close to complete extraction are important. If these two elements are not taken into consideration, the extraction may not be complete, or the extract may contain a large quantity of undesired impurities. The natural fats and oil are mixtures of glycerides of fatty acids. Fats and oils are naturally occurring organic compounds which belong to a large group of water insoluble substances called lipids. Lipids are relatively non-polar molecules, they can be pulled out of a sample using relatively non-polar solvents. With a non-polar solvent, only non-polar molecules in the sample dissolve while polar ones do not. A solution to the problem of extracting trapped lipids is to use an extraction procedure such as the soxhlet that will help break up the polar barriers and allow the solvent to reach the non-polar compounds and extract them. In this experiment, soxhlet extraction was used. Soxhlet extraction is an extraction method that uses chemical solvents. Oils from the algae are extracted through repeated washing, or percolation, with an organic solvent such as hexane or petroleum ether, under reflux in a special glassware. Copra, dried kernel of the coconut, was the sample used. Often though, the sample must be ground and prepared prior to the extraction procedure in order to break up the cell membranes and other structures that would make extraction difficult. In this experiment, petroleum ether was used as the solvent due to its low boiling point, relatively non-toxic nature (when compared to chloroform or methanol), and of course because it is quite non-polar. When talking about ether, two kinds can be used in lipid extraction: anhydrous diethyl ether CH3CH2OCH2CH3 and petroleum ether, which is a mixture of pentane (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3) and hexane (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3). Petroleum ether is more non-polar, cheaper and less flammable than diethyl ether. Due to its greater non-polarity, petroleum ether will yield a more specific extract than diethyl ether because it will only extract the most polar molecules. However, as petroleum ether may not be able to break apart some of the more polar shells surrounding some lipids and give a near complete lipid extraction, diethyl ether is usually used despite its higher flammability and cost.

The Importance of Light in A Streetcar Named Desire :: A Streetcar Named Desire Essays

This paper will discuss the use of light in the play, "A Streetcar Named Desire", by Tennessee Williams. Blanche’s relation to light is quite obvious because she tries to avoid bright light of any kind. Her reaction to light can be regarded as an attempt to hide her true nature as well as her vanishing beauty and youth. By hiding from the light, she tries to escape reality. She covers the naked light bulb with a Chinese paper lantern, saying, â€Å"I can’t stand a naked light bulb, any more than I can a rude remark or a vulgar action† (Sc.3 p. 2093). This remark shows that Blanche would rather hide behind polite phrases than accept truth and reality. The paper lantern is not very stable, though, and it can easily be destroyed, just like her illusions. In scene six, she takes Mitch home with her and says, â€Å"Let’s leave the lights off† (Sc.6 p. 2309). Blanche thinks of Mitch as a future husband, and therefore she does not want him to know her past or her true age, and the best way to hide her age is to stay out of bright light where he could possibly see her wrinkles and fading youth in her face. Later in that scene, Blanche tells Mitch about her husband Allan: â€Å"When I was sixteen, I made the discovery – love. All at once and much, much too completely. It was like you suddenly turned a blinding light on something that had always been half in shadow, that’s how it struck the world for me† (Sc. 6 p. 2113). In her past, light used to represent love, but now it represents something destructive for her. Allan’s suicide erases the light or love, and thus she now does not believe in it any longer and tries to escape from the light and therefore escape reality. When Mitch tears off the paper lantern in order to take a closer look at her in the bright light, â€Å"she utters a frightened gasp† (Sc. 9 p. 2125). Then she tells him, â€Å"I don’t want realism. I want magic! Yes, yes, magic! I try to give that to people. I misrepresent things to them. I don’t tell truth, I tell what ought to be truth.

Factors affecting math performance of the students

The actual coding of a program is done by a(n) a) systems analyst b) software engineer c) end-user d) database administrator Answer: B Difficulty level: Easy page: 389 Response: Software engineers would complete the coding of a program. . Program objectives, desired outputs, needed inputs, and processing requirements are all recorded in the a) program tracking log project management database program specifications document c) d) management information system Answer: C Difficulty level: 389 page: 390 Response: All of these items are outlined in the program specifications document. 4. The information software produces after it has processed the input is called a) flowchart b) output c) objective prototype Response: The output is what has been produced after the input has been processed. 5.The information that a program requires in order to accomplish its objective is called the a) data contribution c) effort input Answer: D Response: Once you know the output, you then determine the inp ut data and the source of this data. 6. The program's processing steps are grouped into logically-related programming statements called a) modules unit c) object component page: 392 Response: Processing steps are called program modules (modules). 7. Flowcharts and pseudopodia are examples of tools used in the program phase. A) specification b) design c) code d) test page: 393 Response: Pseudopodia and flowcharts are tools used in program design. . The programming tool that uses linked symbols to show the sequence of steps needed to solve a programming problem. A) grid table pseudopodia c) algorithm d) flowchart Response: Flowcharts graphically present the detailed sequence of steps needed to solve a program by using symbols. 9. In a(n) structure, one statement follows the other with no conditions having to be met. A) selection b) loop sequence conditional Response: In the sequence structure, one program statement follows another. 10. The structure involves repeating a sequence until a condition is met. A) loop selectionResponse: A loop structure will repeat so long as a certain condition remains true. 11. An IF-THEN-ELSE statement is part of the structure. A) loop Response: IF-THEN-ELSE structures are part of the selection structure. 12. In the course of creating program specifications, the end-user should sketch out the desired a) splash logo icon Response: The end-users should sketch out the desired output that they want out of the computer system. 13. The control structure used to perform a series of statements one after the other is called a) sequential c) loop random Response: In the sequential structure, one program statement follows another. . When a program makes a true or false decision, it is an example of a(n) logic structure. A) if-then-else b) do until c) do while d) what-if Response: If-then-else resembles a true/false decision. 15. When a program repeats a portion of software code as long as a certain condition doesn't exist, it's using a(n) str ucture. A) Response: This is an example of the do until structure. 16. The actual writing of a program in a programming language is called a) program design b) logic structure language translation d) coding page: 396 Response: Writing the program is called coding. 17.Which of the following is not necessary for a good program? A) reliability catches common errors colorful graphics d) well-documented Response: Colorful graphics are not necessary for a good program. 18. Eliminating errors in a program is also called the program. A) debugging b) modularizing c) coding clarifying page: 399 Response: Debugging is testing a program and eliminating errors. 19. A program error that violates the grammar rules of the programming language is a(n) error. A) modular b) logic syntax language Response: Syntax error is a violation of the grammar rules of the programming language. . Error could be the result of the programmer making an incorrect calculation. A) b) general protection c) logic breakpoi nt Response: Logic errors are created by incorrect or missing specifications. 21. Refers to testing by a select group of potential users in the final stage of testing a program. A) Manual testing b) Desk checking c) Attempt at translation d) Beta testing page: 400 Response: Beta testing refers to testing by a select group of potential users in the final stage of testing a program. Re explanations that tell other programmers In programming, what's happening in the software code. ) restrictions b) tables c) documentation d) selections Response: Documentation is written to explain what is happening in the software code. 23. As much as percent of the total lifetime cost for an application program is for maintenance. A) d) 75% Difficulty level: Hard page: 402 Response: As much as 75% of the total lifetime cost for an application program is for maintenance. 24. Which of the following refers to tools that are used to design, code, and test software? ) XML b) CAD c) CASE d) pop page: 403 Re sponse: CASE tools are used to automate the development process. They can aid n program design, coding, and testing. 25. Software that helps programmers prepare reports, draw flowcharts, and generate software code for prototypes is a(n) a) CAUSE (computer assisted Unix software environment) tool b) CASE (computer aided software engineering) tool c) COOL (computer licensed operations code) tool d) CULL (combined users licensed protocols) tool Response: CASE tools help programmers prepare these items. 26.Object-oriented programming is a type of assembler language a) b) allows you to interact with objects when coding software c) is a type of machine language inverts source code into machine language code Answer: B page: 404 Response: Object-oriented programming focuses on letting you interact with the objects (defined procedures) when coding software. 27. POP languages use combinations of objects natural and nonprocedural statements binary coded instructions d) abbreviations and mnemon ic Difficult level: Easy Response: Object-oriented programming uses combinations of objects. 8. Machine language is composed only of a) keyword statements b) hexadecimal numbers c) memory address toggles d) So and Is page: 405 Response: Machine language is composed of Is and So. 9. Language is made up only of binary digits. A) Procedural b) Machine c) Assembly d) Natural Response: Machine language uses binary code. Which of the following lines of code comes from a first generation computer language? A) b) 00010 1010 1101 0001 1010 this Total=Total + Totals set total to sum of totals Response: Machine language (first generation) used So and Is. 1. These languages use abbreviations and mnemonics that make it easier for humans to understand. A) assembly b) machine language d) COBOL Response: Assembly language uses abbreviations or mnemonics that make it easier or humans to understand and use. 32. Languages are designed to express the logic used instead of Just performing calculations. A) Machine b) Procedural d) Low level Response: Procedural languages are designed to express the logic – the procedures – that can solve general problems. 3. Procedural languages are part of the generation of computer languages. A) first second third fourth Response: Procedural languages are part of the third generation of computer languages. Procedural languages must be translated into machine language using compiler or interpreter a(n) a) b) assembler interpolator ) application generator Response: Procedural languages must be translated into machine language using a compiler or interpreter. 35. A compiler performs the following function. ) translates and executes each program statement one at a time b) converts the source code into machine language code c) translates instruction codes from assembler language into machine language d) uses statements to tell objects to perform actions on themselves Answer: B Response: Compiler converts procedural language program (sour ce code) into a machine language code (object code). C++ is considered a A) machine language ) assembly language c) procedural language natural language Response: C++ is a procedural language. 7. Converts the programmer's procedural language program into a machine language. A) interpreter compiler d) analyst page:405 Response: A compiler converts procedural language program into machine language An interpreter performs the following function. A) translates and executes each line of code one at a time b) translates high-level language statements uses statements to tell objects to perform actions on themselves d) translates software code from assembly language into machine language Answer: AResponse: Interpreter converts the procedural language one statement at a time into machine code Just before it is executed. 39. Problem-oriented languages are which generation of language? A) first page: 406 Response: Problem-oriented languages are fourth generation languages. Fourth-generation la nguages use a) procedural statements nonprocedural statements c) assemblers symbols Response: Fourth-generation languages are nonprocedural languages.

4ps of Lifebuoy - 1615 Words

Product: Variants Bar Soap: The classic red bar of Lifebuoy soap and its distinctive phenol smell has been synonymous with cleanliness. Body Wash: Lifebuoy Body Wash provides deep cleansing of pores, protecting against the three root causes of skin health problems – clogged pores, over-drying, and infection-causing germs. Lifebuoy ActiFresh variant which envelopes you in its fresh fragrance for up to 12 hours after a bath, protecting you from odor causing germs and helping you keep your active lifestyle intact. Hand Wash: Lifebuoy Hand Soaps offer hospital-strength germ protection, with a unique formulation that generates a rich lather. Lifebuoy Actifresh Hand Wash-Working in the kitchen, odor from food items tends to persist on†¦show more content†¦{text:bookmark-start} {text:bookmark-end} â€Å"Project Shakti† has used some innovative distribution methods. Hindustan Lever Ltd (HLL), Unilever’s operating company in India, selected entrepreneurial women from hard-to-reach villages, unreached by traditional distributors and dealers and trained them to become distributors, providing education, advice and access to products. In 2005, it reached 100,000 villages through 25,000 such entrepreneurs, reaching who visited about 1,000,000 homes a month. The selected women had to invest 40 Euro to get a loan of 160 Euro with which to buy Hindustan Lever hygiene products. It doubled their income to around one Euro per day. Advertising In India, we do have the example of what was initially a macho brand - Lifebuoy - being repositioned with great success. Lifebuoy initially had advertisements which featured men playing outdoor games such as football. It was positioned as an effective anti-bacterial soap. The recent campaign which featured a little Gandhi is a dramatic shift from its earlier image. Now it addresses the needs of children as well as the family. The advertising gave a twist to thegerm-free image by saying â€Å"live without fear. L ifebuoy is a clear example of how positioning statements can remain mere words unless it is aided by creativity as lifebuoy has been by its new formulation and attractive packaging. A survey conducted by HUL showedShow MoreRelatedColgate Palmolive: Marketing Strategies and Programs5256 Words   |  22 PagesCompetitors | Toothpaste | Darle, Sensodyne, Safi, Fresh amp; White etc. | Toothbrush | Oral B, Systema etc. | Mouthwash | Listerine, Oral B etc. | Bar soap | Dettol, Antabax, Lifebuoy, Lux, May, etc. | Shower liquid | Dettol, Antabax, Lifebuoy, Lux, Shokubutsu, etc. | Liquid hand soap | Dettol, Lifebuoy, Shokubutsu, etc. | Fabric softener | Downy, Daia, Comfort etc. | Dish wash | Sunlight, Labour, Kuat Harimau,etc. | Liquid cleanser | Dettol, Kiwi Kleen etc. | e. 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Or Comfort, which has been ranked the number 1 fabric conditioner in Vietnam with more than 55% of market share since 1999, lets people â€Å"Do the little extra thing for the one you love†. Or Lifebuoy, a market leader in every Asian market where it is sold, has made its goal clear is to provide affordable and accessible hygiene and health solutions for every person. Besides working on its production to provide the best for people, Unilever Vietnam